Evidence that most type 1 AGN are reddened by dust in the host ISM

TL;DR

This study provides evidence that the red optical-UV slopes observed in many type 1 AGN are primarily due to dust reddening in the host galaxy's interstellar medium, supported by spectral analysis and correlations with NaID absorption.

Contribution

It demonstrates a direct correlation between optical slope and NaID absorption, supporting the dust reddening hypothesis and quantifying the typical reddening in type 1 AGN.

Findings

NaID absorption strength correlates with optical slope

Dust reddening explains the redder-than-expected AGN spectra

Typical reddening E(B-V)~0.08 mag in type 1 AGN

Abstract

The typical optical-UV continuum slopes observed in many type 1 AGN are redder than expected from thin accretion disk models. A possible resolution to this conundrum is that many AGN are reddened by dust along the line of sight. To explore this possibility, we stack 5000 SDSS AGN with luminosity L~10^45erg/s and redshift z~0.4 in bins of optical continuum slope alpha_opt and width of the broad H$\beta$ emission line. We measure the EW of the NaID absorption feature in each stacked spectrum. We find a linear relation between alpha_opt and EW(NaID), such that EW(NaID) increases as alpha_opt becomes redder. In the bin with the smallest H$\beta$ width, objects with the bluest slopes that are similar to accretion disk predictions are found to have EW(NaID)=0, supporting the line-of-sight dust hypothesis. This conclusion is also supported by the dependence of the $H\alpha/H\beta$ line ratio on alpha_opt. The implied relationship between alpha_opt and dust reddening is given by E(B-V)~0.2(-0.1-alpha_opt), and the implied reddening of a typical type 1 AGN with alpha_opt=-0.5 is E(B-V)~0.08mag. Photoionization calculations show that the dusty gas responsible for reddening is too ionized to produce the observed features. Therefore, we argue that the sodium absorption arises in regions of the host ISM which are shielded from the AGN radiation, and the correlation with alpha_opt arises since ISM columns along shielded and non-shielded sightlines are correlated. This scenario is supported by the similarity of the E(B-V)-NaID relation implied by our results with the relation in the Milky-Way found by previous studies.