A molecular perspective on the limits of life: Enzymes under pressure

TL;DR

This paper reviews how extreme pressure affects enzymes in microbes, exploring molecular adaptations through simulations to understand life limits under high-pressure conditions.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive review of enzyme behavior under pressure, integrating molecular dynamics simulations with biological insights to elucidate extremophile adaptations.

Findings

Pressure influences enzyme stability and function.

Molecular adaptations include structural modifications.

Simulations reveal pressure-induced conformational changes.

Abstract

From a purely operational standpoint, the existence of microbes that can grow under extreme conditions, or "extremophiles", leads to the question of how the molecules making up these microbes can maintain both their structure and function. While microbes that live under extremes of temperature have been heavily studied, those that live under extremes of pressure have been neglected, in part due to the difficulty of collecting samples and performing experiments under the ambient conditions of the microbe. However, thermodynamic arguments imply that the effects of pressure might lead to different organismal solutions than from the effects of temperature. Observationally, some of these solutions might be in the condensed matter properties of the intracellular milieu in addition to genetic modifications of the macromolecules or repair mechanisms for the macromolecules. Here, the effects of pressure on enzymes, which are proteins essential for the growth and reproduction of an organism, and some adaptations against these effects are reviewed and amplified by the results from molecular dynamics simulations. The aim is to provide biological background for soft matter studies of these systems under pressure.