A Comparison between Abraham and Minkowski Momenta

TL;DR

This paper compares the Abraham and Minkowski momentum formulations for electromagnetic waves in dielectric and magnetic materials, analyzing their physical interpretations and implications based on surface charges, currents, and force interactions.

Contribution

It provides a detailed comparison of Abraham and Minkowski momenta, clarifying their physical interpretations in dielectric and magnetic contexts.

Findings

Abraham momentum is more physically appealing in dielectrics.

Minkowski momentum aligns with an amperian model in magnetic non-conducting materials.

Different interpretations depend on material properties and charge-current configurations.

Abstract

In this paper I compare the Abraham and the Minkowski forms for the momentum pertaining to an electromagnetic wave inside a dielectric or a magnetic material. The discussion is based on a careful treatment of the surface charges and currents and of the forces acting on them. While in the dielectric case the Abraham momentum is certainly more appealing from the physical point of view, for a magnetic material it suggests an interpretation in terms of magnetic charges and re- lated magnetic currents. The Minkowski momentum for magnetic non conducting materials, on the contrary, has a natural interpretation in terms of an amperian model, in which the dynamics is determined by the Lorentz force acting on bulk and surface electric currents.