Stochastic kinetics reveal imperative role of anisotropic interfacial tension to determine morphology and evolution of nucleated droplets in nematogenic films

TL;DR

This study uses numerical simulations to explore how anisotropic interfacial tension influences the shape and growth of nucleated droplets in nematogenic films, revealing complex morphologies driven by elastic anisotropy.

Contribution

It introduces a mesoscopic framework to analyze nucleation in liquid crystals, highlighting the critical role of anisotropic elastic energy in droplet morphology and growth pathways.

Findings

Noncircular droplets form depending on elastic anisotropy parameter .

Biaxial rings appear on droplets with high elastic anisotropy.

Growth laws are consistent across different droplet types.

Abstract

For isotropic fluids, classical nucleation theory predicts the nucleation rate, barrier height and critical droplet size by accounting for the competition between bulk energy and interfacial tension. The nucleation process in liquid crystals is less understood. We numerically investigate nucleation in monolayered nematogenic films using a mesoscopic framework, in particular, we study the mor- phology and kinetic pathway in spontaneous formation and growth of droplets of the stable phase in the metastable background. The parameter $\kappa$ that quantifies the anisotropic elastic energy plays a central role in determining the geometric structure of the droplets. Noncircular nematic droplets with homogeneous director orientation are nucleated in a background of supercooled isotropic phase for small $\kappa$. For large $\kappa$, noncircular droplets with integer topological charge, accompanied by a biaxial ring at the outer surface, are nucleated. The isotropic droplet shape in a superheated nematic background is found to depend on $\kappa$ in a similar way. Identical growth laws are found in the two cases, although an unusual two-stage mechanism is observed in the nucleation of isotropic droplets. Temporal distributions of successive events indicate the relevance of long-ranged elasticity-mediated interactions within the isotropic domains. Implications for a theoretical description of nucleation in anisotropic fluids are discussed.