Effects of dark energy and flat rotation curve on the gravitational time delay of particle with non-zero mass

TL;DR

This paper analyzes how dark energy models and conformal gravity influence the gravitational time delay of particles with mass, proposing methods to distinguish these effects through high-precision measurements over large cosmic distances.

Contribution

It derives analytical expressions for gravitational time delay considering dark energy and conformal gravity, enabling potential observational discrimination of these models.

Findings

Conformal gravity reduces the net time delay compared to normal dark matter.

Dark energy and flat rotation curve effects may be detectable via high-precision time delay measurements.

Models can be distinguished using gravitational time delay observations at megaparsec scales.

Abstract

The effects of several dark energy models on gravitational time delay of particles with non-zero mass are investigated and analytical expressions for the same are obtained at the first order accuracy. Also the expression for gravitational time delay under the influence of conformal gravity potential that well describes the flat rotation curve of spiral galaxies is derived. The findings suggest that i) the conformal gravity description of dark matter reduces the net time delay in contrast to the effect of normal dark matter and therefore in principle the models can be discriminated using gravitational time delay observations and ii)the effect of dark energy/flat rotation curve may be revealed from high precision measurements of gravitational time delay of particles involving megaparsec and beyond distance-scale.