The Infinitesimal Phase Response Curves of Oscillators in Piecewise Smooth Dynamical Systems

TL;DR

This paper develops a method to compute infinitesimal phase response curves (iPRCs) for limit cycles in piecewise smooth dynamical systems, addressing the challenge of discontinuities at boundaries and enabling analysis of synchronization phenomena.

Contribution

It derives a formula for iPRCs in piecewise smooth systems, including a linear matching condition at boundaries, extending the classical smooth case to systems with discontinuities.

Findings

Derived explicit iPRC expressions for linear systems.

Applied the method to biological and neural models.

Analyzed synchronization due to switching manifold crossings.

Abstract

The asymptotic phase $\theta$ of an initial point $x$ in the stable manifold of a limit cycle identifies the phase of the point on the limit cycle to which the flow $\phi_t(x)$ converges as $t\to\infty$. The infinitesimal phase response curve (iPRC) quantifies the change in timing due to a small perturbation of a limit cycle trajectory. For a stable limit cycle in a smooth dynamical system the iPRC is the gradient $\nabla_x(\theta)$ of the phase function, which can be obtained via the adjoint of the variational equation. For systems with discontinuous dynamics, the standard approach to obtaining the iPRC fails. We derive a formula for the infinitesimal phase response curves (iPRCs) of limit cycles occurring in piecewise smooth (Filipov) dynamical systems of arbitrary dimension, subject to a transverse flow condition. Discontinuous jumps in the iPRC can occur at the boundaries separating subdomains, and are captured by a linear matching condition. The matching matrix, $M$, can be derived from the saltation matrix arising in the associated variational problem. For the special case of linear dynamics away from switching boundaries, we obtain an explicit expression for the iPRC. We present examples from cell biology (Glass networks) and neuroscience (central pattern generator models). We apply the iPRCs obtained to study synchronization and phase-locking in piecewise smooth limit cycle systems in which synchronization arises solely due to the crossing of switching manifolds.