Mapping PAH sizes in NGC 7023 with SOFIA

TL;DR

This study uses high-resolution SOFIA observations to map PAH sizes and ionization states in NGC 7023, revealing spatial variations linked to the nebula's physical conditions and PAH evolution.

Contribution

It presents the first detailed PAH size distribution map in NGC 7023 using SOFIA data, connecting PAH size variations to photochemical evolution models.

Findings

Small PAHs concentrate on PDR surfaces.

PAH sizes vary by a factor of 2 across the nebula.

PAH evolution is driven by photochemical processing.

Abstract

NGC 7023 is a well-studied reflection nebula, which shows strong emission from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) molecules in the form of aromatic infrared bands (AIBs). The spectral variations of the AIBs in this region are connected to the chemical evolution of the PAH molecules which, in turn, depends on the local physical conditions. We use the capabilities of SOFIA to observe a 3.2' x 3.4' region of NGC 7023 at wavelengths that we observe with high spatial resolution (2.7") at 3.3 and 11.2 um. We compare the SOFIA images with existing images of the PAH emission at 8.0 um (Spitzer), emission from evaporating very small grains (eVSG) extracted from Spitzer-IRS spectral cubes, the ERE (HST and CFHT), and H_2 (2.12 um). We create maps of the 11.2/3.3 um ratio to probe the morphology of the PAH size distribution and the 8.0/11.2 um ratio to probe the PAH ionization. We make use of an emission model and of vibrational spectra from the NASA Ames PAHdb to translate the 11.2/3.3 um ratio to PAH sizes. The 11.2/3.3 um map shows the smallest PAH concentrate on the PDR surface (H_2 and extended red emission) in the NW and South PDR. We estimated that PAHs in the NW PDR bear, on average, a number of carbon atoms (N_c) of ~70 in the PDR cavity and ~50 at the PDR surface. In the entire nebula, the results reveal a factor of 2 variation in the size of the PAH. We relate these size variations to several models for the evolution of the PAH families when they traverse from the molecular cloud to the PDR. The PAH size map enables us to follow the photochemical evolution of PAHs in NGC 7023. Small PAHs result from the photo-evaporation of VSGs as they reach the PDR surface. Inside the PDR cavity, the PAH abundance drops as the smallest PAH are broken down. The average PAH size increases in the cavity where only the largest species survive or are converted into C_60 by photochemical processing.