Geodesics of McVittie Spacetime with a Phantom Cosmological Background

TL;DR

This paper studies the geodesics of a Schwarzschild black hole embedded in an expanding universe with phantom dark energy, revealing that bound systems dissociate earlier than Newtonian predictions, especially for extremely massive and large systems.

Contribution

It extends previous Newtonian analyses to the full relativistic geodesic equations for large bound systems in a phantom dark energy background, providing more accurate dissociation times.

Findings

Bound systems dissociate earlier than Newtonian predictions.

Effect negligible for current cosmological systems.

Significant only for hypothetical extremely massive and large systems.

Abstract

We investigate the geodesics of a Schwarzschild spacetime embedded in an isotropic expanding cosmological background (McVittie metric). We focus on bound particle geodesics in a background including matter and phantom dark energy with constant dark energy equation of state parameter $w<-1$ involving a future Big Rip singularity at a time $t_{\ast}$. Such geodesics have been previously studied in the Newtonian approximation and found to lead to dissociation of bound systems at a time $t_{rip}<t_{\ast}$ which for fixed background $w$, depends on a single dimensionless parameter $\bar{\omega}_0$ related to the angular momentum and depending on the mass and the size of the bound system. We extend this analysis to large massive bound systems where the Newtonian approximation is not appropriate and we compare the derived dissociation time with the corresponding time in the context of the Newtonian approximation. By identifying the time when the effective potential minimum disappears due to the repulsive force of dark energy we find that the dissociation time of bound systems occurs earlier than the prediction of the Newtonian approximation. However, the effect is negligible for all existing cosmological bound systems and it would become important only in hypothetical bound extremely massive ($10^{20} M_\odot$) and large ($100Mpc$) bound systems. We verify this result by explicit solution of the geodesic equations. This result is due to an interplay between the repulsive phantom dark energy effects and the existence of the well known innermost stable orbits of Schwarzschild spacetimes.