Evidence for an Evolving Cyclotron Line Energy in 4U 1538-522

TL;DR

This study analyzes the evolution of the cyclotron line energy in the high-mass X-ray binary 4U 1538-522, revealing a significant increase over years that may be limited to one magnetic pole, with implications for neutron star accretion physics.

Contribution

It provides the first evidence of a long-term evolution in the cyclotron line energy in 4U 1538-522, highlighting potential magnetic pole-specific changes.

Findings

CRSF energy increased by ~1.5 keV over 8.5 years.

No significant luminosity dependence of CRSF energy.

Long-term evolution possibly limited to a single magnetic pole.

Abstract

We have performed a full time- and luminosity-resolved spectral analysis of the high-mass X-ray binary 4U 1538-522 using the available RXTE, INTEGRAL, and Suzaku data, examining both phase-averaged and pulse-phase-constrained datasets and focusing on the behavior of the cyclotron resonance scattering feature (CRSF). No statistically significant trend between the energy of the CRSF and luminosity is observed in the combined dataset. However, the CRSF energy appears to have increased by ~1.5 keV in the ~8.5 years between the RXTE and Suzaku measurements, with Monte Carlo simulations finding the Suzaku measurement 4.6$\sigma$ above the RXTE points. Interestingly, the increased Suzaku CRSF energy is much more significant and robust in the pulse-phase-constrained spectra from the peak of the main pulse, suggesting a change that is limited to a single magnetic pole. The 7 years of RXTE measurements do not show any strongly-significant evolution with time on their own. We discuss the significance of the CRSF's behavior with respect to luminosity and time in the context of historical observations of this source as well as recent observational and theoretical work concerning the neutron star accretion column, and suggest some mechanisms by which the observed change over time could occur.