HESS J1943+213: a non-classical high-frequency-peaked BL Lac object

TL;DR

This study uses multi-frequency radio observations, time-domain analysis, and high-resolution imaging to classify HESS J1943+213 as a non-classical high-frequency-peaked BL Lac object, ruling out the pulsar wind nebula hypothesis.

Contribution

The paper provides a comprehensive multi-method approach to conclusively classify HESS J1943+213 as a non-classical HBL, excluding alternative PWN interpretations.

Findings

No pulsar detected in deep time-domain observations.

Radio variability supports HBL classification.

Spectral analysis shows a flat core spectrum and extended structure with a power-law spectrum.

Abstract

HESS J1943+213 is an unidentified TeV source that is likely a high-frequency-peaked BL Lac (HBL) object but also compatible with a pulsar wind nebula (PWN) nature. Each of these enormously different astronomical interpretations is supported by some of the observed unusual characteristics. In order to finally classify and understand this object we took a three-pronged approach, through time-domain, high angular resolution, and multi-frequency radio studies. First, our deep time-domain observations with the Arecibo telescope failed to uncover the putative pulsar powering the proposed PWN. We conclude with ~70% certainty that HESS J1943+213 does not host a pulsar. Second, long-baseline interferometry of the source with e-MERLIN at 1.5- and 5- GHz, shows only a core, a point source at ~ 1 - 100 milli-arcsecond resolution. Its 2013 flux density is about one-third lower than detected in 2011 observations with similar resolution. This radio variability of the core strengthens the HBL object hypothesis. More evidence against the PWN scenario comes, third, from the radio spectrum we compiled. The extended structure follows a power-law behavior with spectral index alpha = -0.54 +- 0.04 while the core component is flat spectrum (alpha = -0.03 +- 0.03). In contrast, the radio synchrotron emission of PWNe predicts a single power-law distribution. Overall we rule out the PWN hypothesis and conclude the source is a BL Lac object. The consistently high fraction (70%) of the flux density from the extended structure then leads us to conclude that HESS J1943+213 must be a non-classical HBL object.