Phase diagram of the two-fluid Lipkin model: a butterfly catastrophe

TL;DR

This paper maps the phase diagram of a two-fluid Lipkin model using numerical and analytical methods, revealing the nature of phase transitions and critical points with implications for nuclear physics.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed phase diagram of the two-fluid Lipkin model using catastrophe theory and compares mean-field and exact results for large systems.

Findings

Identifies two first-order phase transition surfaces.

Finds a second-order transition line merging the surfaces.

Locates a tricritical point with divergent energy derivatives.

Abstract

Background: In the last few decades quantum phase transitions have been of great interest in Nuclear Physics. In this context, two-fluid algebraic models are ideal systems to study how the concept of quantum phase transition evolves when moving into more complex systems, but the number of publications along this line has been scarce up to now. Purpose: We intend to determine the phase diagram of a two-fluid Lipkin model, that resembles the nuclear proton-neutron interacting boson model Hamiltonian, using both numerical results and analytic tools, i.e., catastrophe theory, and to compare the mean-field results with exact diagonalizations for large systems. Method: The mean-field energy surface of a consistent-Q-like two-fluid Lipkin Hamiltonian is studied and compared with exact results coming from a direct diagonalization. The mean-field results are analyzed using the framework of catastrophe theory. Results: The phase diagram of the model is obtained and the order of the different phase-transition lines and surfaces is determined using a catastrophe theory analysis. Conclusions: There are two first order surfaces in the phase diagram, one separating the spherical and the deformed shapes, while the other separates two different deformed phases. A second order line, where the later surfaces merge, is found. This line finishes in a transition point with a divergence in the second order derivative of the energy that corresponds to a tricritical point in the language of the Ginzburg-Landau theory for phase transitions.