On the early history of moduli and Teichm{\"u}ller spaces

TL;DR

This paper surveys the historical development of Riemann's moduli space and Teichmüller space from 1851 to the 1960s, emphasizing the evolution of key ideas and structures in complex analysis, geometry, and topology.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive historical overview highlighting the logical progression and connections between foundational works in the theory of moduli and Teichmüller spaces.

Findings

Clarifies the historical development of Teichmüller theory.

Highlights overlooked facts relevant to algebraic geometers and analysts.

Connects the works of Riemann, Poincaré, Klein, and others in the evolution of the field.

Abstract

We survey some major contributions to Riemann's moduli space and Teichm{\"u}ller space. Our report has a historical character, but the stress is on the chain of mathematical ideas. We start with the introduction of Riemann surfaces, and we end with the discovery of some of the basic structures of Riemann's moduli space and Teichm{\"u}ller space. We point out several facts which seem to be unknown to many algebraic geometers and analysts working in the theory. The period we are interested in starts with Riemann, in 1851, and ends in the early 1960s, when Ahlfors and Bers confirmed that Teichm{\"u}ller's results were correct.This paper was written for the book "Lipman Bers, a life in Mathematics," edited by Linda Keen , Irwin Kra and Rubi Rodriguez (Amercian Mathematical Society, 2015). It is dedicated to the memory of Lipman Bers who was above all a complex analyst and spent a large part of his life and energy working on the analytic structure of Teichm{\"u}ller space. His work on analysis is nevertheless inseparable from geometry and topology. In this survey, we highlight the relations and the logical dependence between this work and the works of Riemann, Poincar{\'e}, Klein, Brouwer, Siegel, Teichm{\"u}ller, Weil, Grothendieck and others. We explain the motivation behind the ideas. In doing so, we point out several facts which seem to be unknown to many Teichm{\"u}ller theorists.