Mechanism of Threshold Elongation of DNA Macromolecule

TL;DR

This paper investigates the threshold elongation mechanism of DNA under force, proposing a two-stage cooperative transition model that aligns well with experimental data and highlights differences based on DNA composition.

Contribution

It introduces a phenomenological model describing DNA overstretching as a coupled structural transition with two deformation stages, emphasizing the dynamical nature of the process.

Findings

DNA overstretching involves a two-stage structural transition.

The model aligns well with experimental overstretching data.

Overstretching dynamics vary with DNA base composition.

Abstract

The mechanism of threshold elongation (overstretching) of DNA macromolecules under the action of external force is studied within the framework of phenomenological approach. When considering the task it is taken into account that double-stranded DNA is a polymorphic macromolecule with a set of metastable states. Accordingly to proposed mechanism, DNA threshold elongation can take place as a cooperative structural transition of macromolecule to metastable form, which is stabilized by the external force. For the description of DNA overstretching, the model included external (stretching) and internal (conformation) displacement components is constructed. As assumed, both components are coupled on the pathway of double helix transformations. It is shown, that under force action DNA deformation proceeds in two stages. First one is the restructuring of the double helix, which leads to formation of conformational bistability in DNA macromolecule. On the second stage, the conformational transition and the deformation induced by it consistently cover the macromolecule as a threshold process. The comparison of calculated characteristics of DNA overstretching process with experimental data shows good agreement. Analysis of the results obtained, together with the available literature data allow to conclude, that overstretching transition in the double helix is dynamical process and can spread in DNA chain. In the same time, in DNA with A$\cdot$T-rich content due to large dissipation the overstretching process leads to force induced melting transition, and should have nearly static character.