Formation and recondensation of complex organic molecules during protostellar luminosity outbursts

TL;DR

This study models how protostellar luminosity outbursts can trigger the formation and recondensation of complex organic molecules in star-forming regions, highlighting ion-molecule reactions as a key formation pathway.

Contribution

It introduces an updated gas-phase chemical network demonstrating COM formation during outbursts without grain-surface chemistry, emphasizing the role of ion-molecule reactions.

Findings

Ion-molecule reactions can produce COMs without grain-surface chemistry.

COM abundance ratios exceed 10% of methanol during short outbursts.

Previous outbursts can create extended regions rich in COMs.

Abstract

During the formation of stars, the accretion of the surrounding material toward the central object is thought to undergo strong luminosity outbursts, followed by long periods of relative quiescence, even at the early stages of star formation when the protostar is still embedded in a large envelope. We investigated the gas phase formation and the recondensation of the complex organic molecules (COMs) di-methyl ether and methyl formate, induced by sudden ice evaporation processes occurring during luminosity outbursts of different amplitudes in protostellar envelopes. For this purpose, we updated a gas phase chemical network forming complex organic molecules in which ammonia plays a key role. The model calculations presented here demonstrate that ion-molecule reactions alone could account for the observed presence of di-methyl ether and methyl formate in a large fraction of protostellar cores, without recourse to grain-surface chemistry, although they depend on uncertain ice abundances and gas phase reaction branching ratios. In spite of the short outburst timescales of about one hundred years, abundance ratios of the considered species with respect to methanol higher than 10 % are predicted during outbursts due to their low binding energies relative to water and methanol that delay their recondensation during the cooling. Although the current luminosity of most embedded protostars would be too low to produce these complex species in hot core regions that can be observable with current sub-millimetric interferometers, previous luminosity outburst events would induce a formation of COMs in extended regions of protostellar envelopes with sizes increasing by up to one order of magnitude.