A survey of classical and quantum interpretations of experiments on Josephson junctions at very low temperatures

TL;DR

This paper reviews classical and quantum interpretations of experiments on Josephson junctions at very low temperatures, assessing the success of classical models and the evidence for quantum behavior.

Contribution

It provides a comparative analysis of classical and quantum explanations for low-temperature Josephson junction experiments, challenging assumptions of macroscopic quantum phenomena.

Findings

Classical RCSJ model can replicate many experimental results.

Evidence for macroscopic quantum behavior remains inconclusive.

Classical explanations are still viable for certain low-temperature phenomena.

Abstract

For decades following its introduction in 1968, the resistively and capacitively shunted junction (RCSJ) model, sometimes referred to as the Stewart-McCumber model, was successfully applied to study the dynamics of Josephson junctions embedded in a variety of superconducting circuits. In 1980 a theoretical conjecture by A.J. Leggett suggested a possible new and quite different behavior for Josephson junctions at very low temperatures. A number of experiments seemed to confirm this prediction and soon it was taken as a given that junctions at tens of millikelvins should be regarded as macroscopic quantum entities. As such, they would possess discrete levels in their effective potential wells, and would escape from those wells (with the appearance of a finite junction voltage) via a macroscopic quantum tunneling process. A zeal to pursue this new physics led to a virtual abandonment of the RCSJ model in this low temperature regime. In this paper we consider a selection of essentially prototypical experiments that were carried out with the intention of confirming aspects of anticipated macroscopic quantum behavior in Josephson junctions. We address two questions: (1) How successful is the non-quantum theory (RCSJ model) in replicating those experiments? (2) How strong is the evidence that data from these same experiments does indeed reflect macroscopic quantum behavior?