Accretion and Orbital Inspiral in Gas-Assisted Supermassive Black Hole Binary Mergers

TL;DR

This paper investigates how gas dynamics influence the inspiral and merger of supermassive black hole binaries, revealing that gas can significantly accelerate mergers even in low-mass disks, aiding gravitational wave source understanding.

Contribution

It introduces a simple classification of circumbinary disk structures based on angular momentum flux and demonstrates how gas can expedite SMBH binary mergers, addressing the last parsec problem.

Findings

Gas-driven accretion can accelerate SMBH binary mergers.

Suppressed accretion leads to mass buildup and faster inspiral.

Binary mergers can occur in low-mass disks, aiding gravitational wave predictions.

Abstract

Many galaxies are expected to harbor binary supermassive black holes (SMBHs) in their centers. Their interaction with the surrounding gas results in accretion and exchange of angular momentum via tidal torques, facilitating binary inspiral. Here we explore the non-trivial coupling between these two processes and analyze how the global properties of externally supplied circumbinary disks depend on the binary accretion rate. By formulating our results in terms of the angular momentum flux driven by internal stresses, we come up with a very simple classification of the possible global disk structures, which differ from the standard constant $\dot M$ accretion disk solution. Suppression of accretion by the binary tides, leading to a significant mass accumulation in the inner disk, accelerates binary inspiral. We show that once the disk region strongly perturbed by the viscously transmitted tidal torque exceeds the binary semi-major axis, the binary can merge in less than its mass-doubling time due to accretion. Thus, unlike the inspirals driven by stellar scattering, the gas-assisted merger can occur even if the binary is embedded in a relatively low mass disk (lower than its own mass). This is important for resolving the "last parsec" problem for SMBH binaries and understanding powerful gravitational wave sources in the Universe. We argue that the enhancement of accretion by the binary found in some recent simulations cannot persist for a long time and should not affect the long-term orbital inspiral. We also review the existing simulations of the SMBH binary-disk coupling and propose a numerical setup, which is particularly well suited for verifying our theoretical predictions.