Massive-Star Mergers and the Recent Transient in NGC4490: A More Massive Cousin of V838 Mon and V1309 Sco

TL;DR

This paper studies a luminous transient in NGC4490, suggesting it is a massive star merger event with a surviving, dust-enshrouded progenitor, extending the correlation between stellar mass, luminosity, and duration of such events.

Contribution

It presents the first detailed analysis of a high-luminosity merger candidate in a nearby galaxy, linking stellar mass to transient properties and proposing eta Car as an extreme merger.

Findings

NGC4490-OT's progenitor was luminous and blue, fading after the event.

The transient's IR evolution indicates a surviving, self-obscured star.

The event's properties extend the mass-luminosity-duration correlation in stellar mergers.

Abstract

The Galactic transient V1309 Sco was the result of a merger in a low-mass star system, while V838 Mon was thought to be a similar merger event from a more massive B-type progenitor. In this paper we study an optical/IR transient discovered in the nearby galaxy NGC4490, which appeared similar to these merger events (unobscured progenitor, irregular multi-peaked light curve, increasingly red color, similar optical spectrum, IR excess at late times), but which had a higher peak luminosity and longer duration in outburst. NGC4490-OT has less in common with the class of SN~2008S-like transients. A progenitor detected in pre-eruption HST images, combined with upper limits in the IR, requires a luminous and blue progenitor that has faded in late-time HST images. The same source was detected by Spitzer and ground-based data as a luminous IR transient, indicating a transition to a self-obscured state qualitatively similar to the evolution seen in other stellar mergers and in LBVs. The post-outburst dust-obscured source is too luminous and too warm at late times to be explained with an IR echo, suggesting that the object survived the event. The luminosity of the enshrouded IR source is similar to that of the progenitor. Compared to proposed merger events, the more massive progenitor of NGC4490-OT seems to extend a correlation between stellar mass and peak luminosity, and may suggest that both of these correlate with duration. We show that spectra of NGC4490-OT and V838 Mon also resemble light-echo spectra of eta Car, prompting us to speculate that eta Car may be an extreme extension of this phenomenon.