Lateral critical Casimir force in two-dimensional inhomogeneous Ising strip. Exact results

TL;DR

This paper provides exact results on the lateral and normal critical Casimir forces in a two-dimensional inhomogeneous Ising strip, revealing how inhomogeneity shifts and temperature influence force behavior and capillary bridge stability.

Contribution

It introduces an exact diagonalization approach to analyze the effects of inhomogeneous boundary fields on Casimir forces and capillary bridge phenomena in a 2D Ising model.

Findings

Lateral critical Casimir force reduces inhomogeneity shift

Excess normal force is attractive across parameters

Capillary bridge breaking points relate to force inflection points

Abstract

We consider two-dimensional Ising strip bounded by two planar, inhomogeneous walls. The inhomogeneity of each wall is modeled by a magnetic field acting on surface spins. It is equal to $+h_1$ except for a group of $N_1$ sites where it is equal to $-h_1$. The inhomogeneities of the upper and lower wall are shifted with respect to each other by a lateral distance $L$. Using exact diagonalization of the transfer matrix, we study both the lateral and normal critical Casimir forces as well as magnetization profiles for a wide range of temperatures and system parameters. The lateral critical Casimir force tends to reduce the shift between the inhomogeneities, and the excess normal force is attractive. Upon increasing the shift $L$ we observe, depending on the temperature, three different scenarios of breaking of the capillary bridge of negative magnetization connecting the inhomogeneities of the walls across the strip. As long as there exists a capillary bridge in the system, the magnitude of the excess total critical Casimir force is almost constant, with its direction depending on $L$. By investigating the bridge morphologies we have found a relation between the point at which the bridge breaks and the inflection point of the force. We provide a simple argument that some of the properties reported here should also hold for a whole range of different models of the strip with the same type of inhomogeneity.