Witten Index for Noncompact Dynamics

TL;DR

This paper investigates the computation of the Witten index in noncompact gauge theories with gapless directions, revealing how twisted partition functions relate to the true $L^2$ index and providing methods to extract it.

Contribution

It demonstrates a general mechanism to extract the $L^2$ Witten index from twisted partition functions, correcting previous numerical results and extending bound state counts.

Findings

The twisted partition function often fails to capture the true $L^2$ Witten index.

A method to directly extract the $L^2$ index from twisted partition functions is proposed.

Corrected numerical results for $ =4,8,16$ pure Yang-Mills quantum mechanics and counted bound states for various gauge groups.

Abstract

Among gauged dynamics motivated by string theory, we find many with gapless asymptotic directions. Although the natural boundary condition for ground states is $L^2$, one often turns on chemical potentials or supersymmetric mass terms to regulate the infrared issues, instead, and computes the twisted partition function. We point out how this procedure generically fails to capture physical $L^2$ Witten index with often misleading results. We also explore how, nevertheless, the Witten index is sometimes intricately embedded in such twisted partition functions. For $d=1$ theories with gapless continuum sector from gauge multiplets, such as non-primitive quivers and pure Yang-Mills, a further subtlety exists, leading to fractional expressions. Quite unexpectedly, however, the integral $L^2$ Witten index can be extracted directly and easily from the twisted partition function of such theories. This phenomenon is tied to the notion of the rational invariant that appears naturally in the wall-crossing formulae, and offers a general mechanism of reading off Witten index directly from the twisted partition function. Along the way, we correct early numerical results for some of $\mathcal N=4,8,16$ pure Yang-Mills quantum mechanics, and count threshold bound states for general gauge groups beyond $SU(N)$.