Transitions in the cloud composition of hot Jupiters

TL;DR

This paper models how cloud composition in hot Jupiter atmospheres changes with temperature, explaining observed lightcurve asymmetries and predicting cloud distribution patterns across different planetary regions.

Contribution

It introduces a 3D circulation model linking cloud composition transitions to observed lightcurve asymmetries in hot Jupiters, highlighting a temperature-dependent cloud transition near 1600K.

Findings

Cloud composition varies with equilibrium temperature.

Transition from silicate to manganese sulfide clouds near 1600K.

Most hot Jupiters have cloudy nightsides and partial cloudiness at limbs.

Abstract

Over a large range of equilibrium temperatures, clouds shape the transmission spectrum of hot Jupiter atmospheres, yet their composition remains unknown. Recent observations show that the Kepler lightcurves of some hot Jupiters are asymmetric: for the hottest planets, the lightcurve peaks before secondary eclipse, whereas for planets cooler than $\sim1900\rm\,K$, it peaks after secondary eclipse. We use the thermal structure from 3D global circulation models to determine the expected cloud distribution and Kepler lightcurves of hot Jupiters. We demonstrate that the change from an optical lightcurve dominated by thermal emission to one dominated by scattering (reflection) naturally explains the observed trend from negative to positive offset. For the cool planets the presence of an asymmetry in the Kepler lightcurve is a telltale sign of the cloud composition, because each cloud species can produce an offset only over a narrow range of effective temperatures. By comparing our models and the observations, we show that the cloud composition of hot Jupiters likely varies with equilibrium temperature. We suggest that a transition occurs between silicate and manganese sulfide clouds at a temperature near $1600\rm\,K$, analogous to the L/T transition on brown dwarfs. The cold trapping of cloud species below the photosphere naturally produces such a transition and predicts similar transitions for other condensates, including TiO. We predict that most hot Jupiters should have cloudy nightsides, that partial cloudiness should be common at the limb and that the dayside hot spot should often be cloud-free.