Carbon stars in the X-shooter Spectral Library
A. Gonneau, A. Lan\c{c}on, S.C. Trager, B. Aringer, M. Lyubenova, W., Nowotny, R.F. Peletier, P. Prugniel, Y.-P. Chen, M. Dries, O.S. Choudhury, J., Falc\'on-Barroso, M. Koleva, S. Meneses-Goytia, P. S\'anchez-Bl\'azquez, A., Vazdekis

TL;DR
This paper presents a new spectral library of 35 carbon stars observed with the X-shooter instrument, revealing bimodal spectral properties related to dust production and variability, with implications for understanding stellar evolution.
Contribution
The study provides a comprehensive spectral library of carbon stars across a broad wavelength range, highlighting bimodal spectral features linked to pulsation and dust formation, which was not previously documented.
Findings
Spectral properties of carbon stars are bimodal at (J-K) > 1.5.
The 1.53μm absorption feature is associated with large-amplitude variables.
Spectral signatures suggest episodic dust production in carbon-rich Miras.
Abstract
We provide a new collection of spectra of 35 carbon stars obtained with the ESO/VLT X-shooter instrument as part of the X-shooter Spectral Library project. The spectra extend from 0.3m to 2.4m with a resolving power above 8000. The sample contains stars with a broad range of (J-K) color and pulsation properties located in the Milky Way and the Magellanic Clouds. We show that the distribution of spectral properties of carbon stars at a given (J-K) color becomes bimodal (in our sample) when (J-K) is larger than about 1.5. We describe the two families of spectra that emerge, characterized by the presence or absence of the absorption feature at 1.53m, generally associated with HCN and CH. This feature appears essentially only in large-amplitude variables, though not in all observations. Associated spectral signatures that we interpret as the result of veiling…
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