Rotational directionality via symmetry-breaking in an electrostatic motor

TL;DR

This paper explores how symmetry-breaking in an electrostatic motor can induce a preferred rotational direction, analyzing charge dynamics via two models and identifying optimal geometries for directionality.

Contribution

It introduces a theoretical framework comparing hopping and mean-field charge dynamics to achieve and control rotational directionality in electrostatic motors.

Findings

Mean-field approach allows initial condition control of rotation direction.

Hopping process model achieves near-perfect directionality across many geometries.

Geometry optimization can enhance rotational directionality regardless of dissipation.

Abstract

We theoretically investigate how one can achieve a preferred rotational direction for the case of a simple electrostatic motor. The motor is composed by a rotor and two electronic reservoirs. Electronic islands on the rotor can exchange electrons with the reservoirs. An electrostatic field exerts a force on the occupied islands. The charge dynamics and the electrostatic field drive rotations of the rotor. Coupling to an environment lead to damping on the rotational degree of freedom. We use two different approaches to the charge dynamics in the electronic islands: hopping process and mean-field. The hopping process approach takes into account charge fluctuations, which can appear along Coulomb blockade effects in nanoscale systems. The mean-field approach neglects the charge fluctuations on the islands, which is typically suitable for larger systems. We show that for a system described by the mean-field equations one can in principle prepare initial conditions to obtain a desired rotational direction. In contrast, this is not possible in the stochastic description. However, for both cases one can achieve rotational directionality by changing the geometry of the rotor. By scanning the space formed by the relevant geometric parameters we find optimal geometries, while fixing the dissipation and driving parameters. Remarkably, in the hopping process approach perfect rotational directionality is possible for a large range of geometries.