Optimal performance of heat engines with a finite source or sink and inequalities between means

TL;DR

This paper investigates the maximum work and efficiency of heat engines with finite sources or sinks, revealing universal bounds based on temperature ratios and inequalities between means, with implications for engine design.

Contribution

It introduces a framework using inequalities between means to compare work extraction in finite thermodynamic systems, providing universal bounds on efficiency.

Findings

Efficiency bounds depend only on initial temperature ratios.

Three regimes determined by arithmetic and geometric mean inequalities.

Results applicable to power-law thermodynamic systems.

Abstract

Given a system with a finite heat capacity and a heat reservoir, and two values of initial temperatures, $T_+$ and $T_- (< T_+)$, we enquire, in which case the optimal work extraction is larger: when the reservoir is an infinite source at $T_+$ and the system is a sink at $T_-$, or, when the reservoir is an infinite sink at $T_-$ and the system acts as a source at $T_+$? It is found that in order to compare the total extracted work, and the corresponding efficiency in the two cases, we need to consider three regimes as suggested by an inequality, the so-called arithmetic mean-geometric mean inequality, involving the arithmetic and the geometric means of the two temperature values $T_+$ and $T_-$. In each of these regimes, the efficiency at total work obeys certain universal bounds, given only in terms of the ratio of initial temperatures. The general theoretical results are exemplified for thermodynamic systems for which internal energy and temperature are power laws of the entropy. The conclusions may serve as benchmarks in the design of heat engines, where we can choose the nature of the finite system, so as to tune the total extractable work and/or the corresponding efficiency.