Subnormality of unbounded composition operators over one-circuit directed graphs: exotic examples

TL;DR

This paper investigates the subnormality of unbounded composition operators over locally finite directed graphs, providing new examples and a constructive method based on measure transformations related to orthogonal polynomials and birth-death processes.

Contribution

It demonstrates the existence of non-hyponormal injective composition operators over a specific locally finite directed graph and develops a method to verify subnormality using measure transformations.

Findings

Existence of subnormal composition operators over the graph ,0.

Development of a constructive verification method for subnormality.

Application of measure transformations from orthogonal polynomials and birth-death processes.

Abstract

A recent example of a non-hyponormal injective composition operator in an $L^2$-space generating Stieltjes moment sequences, invented by three of the present authors, was built over a non-locally finite directed tree. The main goal of this paper is to solve the problem of whether there exists such an operator over a locally finite directed graph and, in the affirmative case, to find the simplest possible graph with these properties (simplicity refers to local valency). The problem is solved affirmatively for the locally finite directed graph $\mathscr G_{2,0}$, which consists of two branches and one loop. The only simpler directed graph for which the problem remains unsolved consists of one branch and one loop. The consistency condition, the only efficient tool for verifying subnormality of unbounded composition operators, is intensively studied in the context of $\mathscr G_{2,0}$, which leads to a constructive method of solving the problem. The method itself is partly based on transforming the Krein and the Friedrichs measures coming either from shifted Al-Salam-Carlitz $q$-polynomials or from a quartic birth and death process.