Spectral properties of Shiba sub-gap states at finite temperatures

TL;DR

This study uses numerical renormalization group methods to explore how the spectral function of a magnetic impurity in a superconductor varies with temperature, revealing persistent Shiba states and thermally activated sub-gap features.

Contribution

It provides a detailed analysis of the temperature evolution of Shiba states and identifies high-order Shiba states arising from quasiparticle scattering.

Findings

Spectral weight shifts from delta-peak to continuous background with temperature.

Both spectral features coexist at finite temperatures, with the delta-peak persisting up to Δ.

Detection of thermally activated sub-gap structures below the gap edges.

Abstract

Using the numerical renormalization group (NRG), we analyze the temperature dependence of the spectral function of a magnetic impurity described by the single-impurity Anderson model coupled to superconducting contacts. With increasing temperature the spectral weight is gradually transferred from the $\delta$-peak (Shiba/Yu-Shiba-Rusinov/Andreev bound state) to the continuous sub-gap background, but both spectral features coexist at any finite temperature, i.e., the $\delta$-peak itself persists to temperatures of order $\Delta$. The continuous background is due to inelastic exchange scattering of Bogoliubov quasiparticles off the impurity and it is thermally activated since it requires a finite thermal population of quasiparticles above the gap. In the singlet regime for strong hybridization (charge-fluctuation regime) we detect the presence of an additional sub-gap structure just below the gap edges with thermally activated behavior, but with an activation energy equal to the Shiba state excitation energy. These peaks can be tentatively interpreted as Shiba bound states arising from the scattering of quasiparticles off the thermally excited sub-gap doublet Shiba states, i.e., as high-order Shiba states.