Some results associated with Bernoulli and Euler numbers with applications

TL;DR

This paper derives series representations for the remainders in expansions of hyperbolic functions involving Euler numbers, introduces inequalities and monotonic functions related to gamma ratios, and proposes a new recurrence for Bernoulli numbers.

Contribution

It provides new series formulas for hyperbolic function remainders, inequalities, monotonic functions, and a novel quadratic recurrence for Bernoulli numbers.

Findings

Series representations for hyperbolic function remainders involving Euler numbers.

New inequalities and monotonic functions related to gamma function ratios.

A potentially new quadratic recurrence relation for Bernoulli numbers.

Abstract

In this paper, we present series representations of the remainders in the expansions for $2/(e^t+1)$, $\mbox{sech} t$ and $\coth t$. For example, we prove that for $t > 0$ and $N\in\mathbb{N}:=\{1, 2, \ldots\}$, \[\mbox{sech}\, t=\sum_{j=0}^{N-1}\frac{E_{2j}}{(2j)!}t^{2j}+R_N(t) \] with \[ R_N(t)=\frac{(-1)^{N}2t^{2N}}{\pi^{2N-1}}\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\frac{(-1)^{k}}{(k+\frac{1}{2})^{2N-1}\Big(t^2+\pi^2(k+\frac{1}{2})^2\Big)}, \] and \[\mbox{sech}\, t=\sum_{j=0}^{N-1}\frac{E_{2j}}{(2j)!}t^{2j}+\Theta(t, N)\frac{E_{2N}}{(2N)!}t^{2N} \] with a suitable $0 < \Theta(t, N) < 1$. Here $E_n$ are the Euler numbers. By using the obtained results, we deduce some inequalities and completely monotonic functions associated with the ratio of gamma functions. Furthermore, we give a (presumably new) quadratic recurrence relation for the Bernoulli numbers.