${\mathcal{PT}}$ symmetry breaking in waveguide arrays with competing loss/gain pairs

TL;DR

This paper studies how competing loss and gain in a periodic waveguide array with $ ext{PT}$ symmetry influence phase transitions, spectral properties, and beam dynamics, revealing new control mechanisms in the broken phase.

Contribution

It introduces a symmetry-adapted nonlocal current as an order parameter and analyzes the effects of competing loss/gain pairs on phase transitions and beam propagation.

Findings

Symmetry-breaking transitions are characterized by a site-averaged nonlocal current.

The order parameter distinguishes unbroken and broken $ ext{PT}$ phases.

Controlling loss/gain parameters affects the propagation length in the broken phase.

Abstract

We consider a periodic waveguide array whose unit cell consists of a $\mathcal{PT}$-symmetric quadrimer with two competing loss/gain parameter pairs which lead to qualitatively different symmetry-broken phases. It is shown that the transitions between the phases are described by a symmetry-adapted nonlocal current which maps the spectral properties to the spatially resolved field, for the lattice as well as for the isolated quadrimer. Its site-average acts like a natural order parameter for the general class of one-dimensional $\mathcal{PT}$-symmetric Hamiltonians, vanishing in the unbroken phase and being nonzero in the broken phase. We investigate how the beam dynamics in the array is affected by the presence of competing loss/gain rates in the unit cell, showing that the enriched band structure yields the possibility to control the propagation length before divergence when the system resides in the broken $\mathcal{PT}$ phase.