Critical layers and protoplanetary disk turbulence

TL;DR

This paper performs a linear analysis of the zombie vortex instability in stratified shearing flows, revealing the conditions for its occurrence, the role of critical layers, and the nonlinear jet formation process in protoplanetary disks.

Contribution

It introduces a Green's function approach to analyze critical layers in the zombie vortex instability and explores its nonlinear jet formation mechanism in stratified shear flows.

Findings

Instability occurs at Rossby number Ro=0.2 in typical parameters.

Shear layer supports instability even without stratification.

Nonlinear forcing leads to self-replicating jet patterns.

Abstract

A linear analysis of the zombie vortex instability is performed in a stratified shearing sheet setting for three model barotropic shear flows. The linear analysis is done by utilizing a Green's function formulation to resolve the critical layers of the associated normal-mode problem. The instability is the result of a resonant interaction between a Rossby wave and a gravity wave which we refer to as Z-modes. The associated critical layer is the location where the Doppler shifted frequency of a distant Rossby wave equals the local Brunt-Vaisala frequency. The minimum required Rossby number for instability, Ro= 0.2, is confirmed for parameter values reported in the literature. It is also found that the shear layer supports the instability in the limit where stratification vanishes. The zombie vortex instability is examined in a jet model, finding that the instability can occur for Ro= 0.05. Nonlinear vorticity forcing due to unstable Z-modes is shown to result in the creation of a jet flow at the critical layer emerging as the result of the competition between the vertical lifting of perturbation radial vorticity and the radial transport of perturbation vertical vorticity. We find that the picture of this instability leading to a form of nonlinearly driven self-replicating pattern of creation and destruction is warranted: a parent jet spawns a growing child jet at associated critical layers. A mature child jet creates a next generation of child jets at associated critical layers while simultaneously destroying its parent jet via the Rossby wave instability.