Observation of dispersive shock waves, solitons, and their interactions in viscous fluid conduits

TL;DR

This study introduces a new experimental platform for observing dispersive shock waves and solitons in viscous fluid conduits, revealing complex interactions and confirming theoretical predictions in a nearly dissipationless, dispersive hydrodynamic system.

Contribution

The paper presents a novel hydrodynamics testbed for studying dispersive shock waves and solitons, enabling high-fidelity observations and analysis of their interactions in viscous fluid interfaces.

Findings

Observation of large amplitude dispersive shock waves

Demonstration of soliton interactions with shock waves

Quantitative agreement with nonlinear wave averaging theory

Abstract

Dispersive shock waves and solitons are fundamental nonlinear excitations in dispersive media, but dispersive shock wave studies to date have been severely constrained. Here we report on a novel dispersive hydrodynamics testbed: the effectively frictionless dynamics of interfacial waves between two high contrast, miscible, low Reynolds' number Stokes fluids. This scenario is realized by injecting from below a lighter, viscous fluid into a column filled with high viscosity fluid. The injected fluid forms a deformable pipe whose diameter is proportional to the injection rate, enabling precise control over the generation of symmetric interfacial waves. Buoyancy drives nonlinear interfacial self-steepening while normal stresses give rise to dispersion of interfacial waves. Extremely slow mass diffusion and mass conservation imply that the interfacial waves are effectively dissipationless. This enables high fidelity observations of large amplitude dispersive shock waves in this spatially extended system, found to agree quantitatively with a nonlinear wave averaging theory. Furthermore, several highly coherent phenomena are investigated including dispersive shock wave backflow, the refraction or absorption of solitons by dispersive shock waves, and the multi-phase merging of two dispersive shock waves. The complex, coherent, nonlinear mixing of dispersive shock waves and solitons observed here are universal features of dissipationless, dispersive hydrodynamic flows.