Multiplication in Sobolev Spaces, Revisited

TL;DR

This paper revisits classical multiplication theorems in Sobolev-Slobodeckij spaces, clarifies their limitations on unbounded domains, and introduces new proofs and variations relevant to nonlinear PDEs and general relativity.

Contribution

It provides a new analysis of multiplication theorems in Sobolev-Slobodeckij spaces, highlighting domain-dependent failures and offering proofs based on interpolation theory, including results not previously documented.

Findings

Identification of failure of multiplication theorems on Rn

New proofs using interpolation theory

A variation relevant to nonlinear PDEs in relativity

Abstract

In this article, we re-examine some of the classical pointwise multiplication theorems in Sobolev-Slobodeckij spaces, in part motivated by a simple counter-example that illustrates how certain multiplication theorems fail in Sobolev-Slobodeckij spaces when a bounded domain is replaced by Rn. We identify the source of the failure, and examine why the same failure is not encountered in Bessel potential spaces. To analyze the situation, we begin with a survey of the classical multiplication results stated and proved in the 1977 article of Zolesio, and carefully distinguish between the case of spaces defined on the all of Rn and spaces defined on a bounded domain (with e.g. a Lipschitz boundary). However, the survey we give has a few new wrinkles; the proofs we include are based almost exclusively on interpolation theory rather than Littlewood-Paley theory and Besov spaces, and some of the results we give and their proofs, including the results for negative exponents, do not appear in the literature in this form. We also include a particularly important variation of one of the multiplication theorems that is relevant to the study of nonlinear PDE systems arising in general relativity and other areas. The conditions for multiplication to be continuous in the case of Sobolev-Slobodeckij spaces are somewhat subtle and intertwined, and as a result, the multiplication theorems of Zolesio in 1977 have been cited (more than once) in the standard literature in slightly more generality than what is actually proved by Zolesio, and in cases that allow for the construction of counter-examples such as the one included here.