Bose-Einstein condensation in a hyperbolic model for the Kompaneets equation

TL;DR

This paper analyzes a simplified hyperbolic PDE model for photon energy distribution in plasmas, revealing the formation of Bose-Einstein condensates and describing long-term dynamics of solutions.

Contribution

It introduces a novel hyperbolic PDE model for the Kompaneets equation and characterizes the long-time behavior and condensate formation.

Findings

Solutions approach non-zero stationary states over time

Photon number decreases via out-flux when initially large

Bose-Einstein condensate mass can only increase

Abstract

In low-density or high-temperature plasmas, Compton scattering is the dominant process responsible for energy transport. Kompaneets in 1957 derived a non-linear degenerate parabolic equation for the photon energy distribution. In this paper we consider a simplified model obtained by neglecting diffusion of the photon number density in a particular way. We obtain a non-linear hyperbolic PDE with a position-dependent flux, which permits a one-parameter family of stationary entropy solutions to exist. We completely describe the long-time dynamics of each non-zero solution, showing that it approaches some non-zero stationary solution. While the total number of photons is formally conserved, if initially large enough it necessarily decreases after finite time through an out-flux of photons with zero energy. This corresponds to formation of a Bose-Einstein condensate, whose mass we show can only increase with time.