Non-equilibrium dynamics and phase transitions

TL;DR

This paper investigates the non-equilibrium dynamics and phase transitions in strongly coupled field theories using holography, revealing breakdown of hydrodynamics, spinodal regions, and novel sound mode behaviors near phase transitions.

Contribution

It demonstrates how phase transitions affect Green's function poles and hydrodynamic applicability in holographic models, highlighting new unstable and diffusive regimes.

Findings

Hydrodynamics breaks down at lower momenta near phase transitions.

Spinodal regions appear where the speed of sound squared is negative.

A new diffusive regime for sound modes is observed.

Abstract

We study the poles of the retarded Green's functions of strongly coupled field theories exhibiting a variety of phase structures from a crossover up to a first order phase transition. These theories are modeled by a dual gravitational description. The poles of the holographic Green's functions appear at the frequencies of the quasinormal modes of the dual black hole background. We establish that near the transition, in all cases considered, the applicability of a hydrodynamic description breaks down already at lower momenta than in the conformal case. We establish the appearance of the spinodal region in the case of the first order phase transition at temperatures for which the speed of sound squared is negative. An estimate of the preferential scale attained by the unstable modes is also given. We additionally observe a novel diffusive regime for sound modes for a range of wavelengths.