Detecting stellar-wind bubbles through infrared arcs in HII regions

TL;DR

This study uses radiation-hydrodynamics simulations to show that infrared arcs near ionizing stars in HII regions can indicate the presence of stellar wind bubbles, matching observations and providing a new diagnostic tool.

Contribution

The paper introduces a simulation-based model predicting infrared emission from stellar wind bubbles in HII regions, aligning well with observed arcs and offering a new method for detecting such bubbles.

Findings

Infrared arcs at 24um can trace the outer edges of stellar wind bubbles.

Simulations show good qualitative agreement with observed arcs in RCW120.

Infrared emission decreases exponentially with distance from the star.

Abstract

Mid-infrared arcs of dust emission are often seen near ionizing stars within HII regions. A possible explanations for these arcs is that they could show the outer edges of asymmetric stellar wind bubbles. We use two-dimensional, radiation-hydrodynamics simulations of wind bubbles within HII regions around individual stars to predict the infrared emission properties of the dust within the HII region. We assume that dust and gas are dynamically well-coupled and that dust properties (composition, size distribution) are the same in the HII region as outside it, and that the wind bubble contains no dust. We post-process the simulations to make synthetic intensity maps at infrared wavebands using the TORUS code. We find that the outer edge of a wind bubble emits brightly at 24um through starlight absorbed by dust grains and re-radiated thermally in the infrared. This produces a bright arc of emission for slowly moving stars that have asymmetric wind bubbles, even for cases where there is no bow shock or any corresponding feature in tracers of gas emission. The 24um intensity decreases exponentially from the arc with increasing distance from the star because the dust temperature decreases with distance. The size distribution and composition of the dust grains has quantitative but not qualitative effects on our results. Despite the simplifications of our model, we find good qualitative agreement with observations of the HII region RCW120, and can provide physical explanations for any quantitative differences. Our model produces an infrared arc with the same shape and size as the arc around CD -38 11636 in RCW120, and with comparable brightness. This suggests that infrared arcs around O stars in HII regions may be revealing the extent of stellar wind bubbles, although we have not excluded other explanations.