Probing large scale homogeneity and periodicity in the LRG distribution using Shannon entropy

TL;DR

This study uses Shannon entropy and Kullback-Leibler divergence to analyze the homogeneity and periodicity of LRG distribution from SDSS DR7, finding homogeneity at scales beyond 150 h^{-1} Mpc and no periodic regularities.

Contribution

It introduces a novel application of Shannon entropy and Kullback-Leibler divergence to quantify large-scale homogeneity and periodicity in galaxy distributions.

Findings

LRG distribution becomes homogeneous at ~150 h^{-1} Mpc

No periodic regularities found in LRG distribution

Method effectively captures inhomogeneity in simulated distributions

Abstract

We quantify the degree of inhomogeneity in the Luminous Red Galaxy (LRG) distribution from the SDSS DR7 as a function of length scales by measuring the Shannon entropy in independent and regular cubic voxels of increasing grid sizes. We also analyze the data by carrying out measurements in overlapping spheres and find that it suppresses inhomogeneities by a factor of 5 to 10 on different length scales. Despite the differences observed in the degree of inhomogeneity both the methods show a decrease in inhomogeneity with increasing length scales which eventually settle down to a plateau at $\sim 150 \, h^{-1} \rm {Mpc}$. Considering the minuscule values of inhomogeneity at the plateaus and their expected variations we conclude that the LRG distribution becomes homogeneous at $150 \, h^{-1} \rm {Mpc}$ and beyond. We also use the Kullback-Leibler divergence as an alternative measure of inhomogeneity which reaffirms our findings. We show that the method presented here can effectively capture the inhomogeneity in a truly inhomogeneous distribution at all length scales. We analyze a set of Monte Carlo simulations with certain periodicity in their spatial distributions and find periodic variations in their inhomogeneity which helps us to identify the underlying regularities present in such distributions and quantify the scale of their periodicity. We do not find any underlying regularities in the LRG distribution within the length scales probed.