The Gamma-ray Afterglows of Tidal Disruption Events

TL;DR

This paper explores gamma-ray emissions resulting from the collision between unbound debris streams of tidal disruption events and molecular clouds, predicting detectable signals that could influence astrophysical observations.

Contribution

It introduces the concept of TDE afterglows from UDS-MC collisions and quantifies their gamma-ray signatures, a novel observational prediction.

Findings

Peak gamma-ray luminosity can reach 10^{39} erg/s with dense molecular clouds.

Luminosity decay occurs over decades, depending on cloud distance.

Approximately a dozen such sources could be detected within 16 Mpc by future telescopes.

Abstract

A star wandering too close to a supermassive black hole (SMBH) will be tidally disrupted. Previous studies of such "tidal disruption event" (TDE) mostly focus on the stellar debris that are bound to the system, because they give rise to luminous flares. On the other hand, half of the stellar debris in principle are unbound and can stream to a great distance, but so far there is no clear evidence that this "unbound debris stream" (UDS) exists. Motivated by the fact that the circum-nuclear region around SMBHs is usually filled with dense molecular clouds (MCs), here we investigate the observational signatures resulting from the collision between an UDS and a MC, which is likely to happen hundreds of years after a TDE. We focus on $\gamma$-ray emission ($0.1-10^5$ GeV), which comes from the encounter of shock-accelerated cosmic rays with background protons and, more importantly, is not subject to extinction. We show that because of the high proton density inside a MC, the peak $\gamma$-ray luminosity, about $10^{39}~{\rm erg~s^{-1}}$, is at least $100$ times greater than that in the case without a MC (only with a smooth interstellar medium). The luminosity decays on a time-scale of decades, depending on the distance of the MC, and about a dozen of these "TDE afterglows" could be detected within a distance of about $16$ Mpc by the future Cherenkov Telescope Array. Without careful discrimination, these sources potentially could contaminate the searches for starburt galaxies, galactic nuclei containing millisecond pulsars or dark-matter annihilation signals.