A combinatorial Hopf algebra for the boson normal ordering problem

TL;DR

This paper introduces a new combinatorial Hopf algebra based on B-diagrams, providing a variable realization and extending the understanding of generalized Stirling numbers in bosonic normal ordering.

Contribution

It proposes a novel algebraic construction using B-diagrams with a variable realization, extending previous models and establishing connections with known Hopf algebras.

Findings

B-diagrams have equal inputs and outputs, enabling a new combinatorial interpretation.

The algebra  constructed from B-diagrams admits a Hopf structure.

Identifies subalgebras  and  of word and biword symmetric functions.

Abstract

In the aim to understand the generalization of Stirling numbers occurring in the bosonic normal ordering problem, several combinatorial models have been proposed. In particular, Blasiak \emph{et al.} defined combinatorial objects allowing to interpret the number of $S_{\bf{r,s}}(k)$ appearing in the identity $(a^\dag)^{r_n}a^{s_n}\cdots(a^\dag)^{r_1}a^{s_1}=(a^\dag)^\alpha\displaystyle\sum S_{\bf{r,s}}(k)(a^\dag)^k a^k$, where $\alpha$ is assumed to be non-negative. These objects are used to define a combinatorial Hopf algebra which specializes to the enveloping algebra of the Heisenberg Lie algebra. Here, we propose a new variant of this construction which admits a realization with variables. This means that we construct our algebra from a free algebra $\mathbb{C}\langle A \rangle$ using quotient and shifted product. The combinatorial objects (B-diagrams) are slightly different from those proposed by Blasiak \emph{et al.}, but give also a combinatorial interpretation of the generalized Stirling numbers together with a combinatorial Hopf algebra related to Heisenberg Lie algebra. The main difference comes from the fact that the B-diagrams have the same number of inputs and outputs. After studying the combinatorics and the enumeration of B-diagrams, we propose two constructions of algebras called Fusion algebra $\mathcal{F}$, defined using formal variable and another algebra $\mathcal{B}$ constructed directly from the B-diagrams. We show the connection between these two algebras and that $\mathcal{B}$ can be endowed with a Hopf structure. We recognize two already known combinatorial Hopf subalgebras of $\mathcal{B}$ : $\mathrm{WSym}$ the algebra of word symmetric functions indexed by set partitions and $\mathrm{BWSym}$ the algebra of biword symmetric functions indexed by set partitions into lists.