A variable ULX and possible IMBH candidate in M51a

TL;DR

ULX-7 in M51a exhibits unusual high variability and a hard spectrum, suggesting it may be an intermediate-mass black hole, but other explanations like a neutron star cannot be ruled out.

Contribution

This study provides multi-wavelength analysis and new mass estimates for ULX-7, proposing it as a candidate intermediate-mass black hole with unique spectral and timing properties.

Findings

Hard X-ray spectrum with photon index ~1.5 persists despite luminosity changes.

Power spectrum shows a break consistent with low/hard state black holes.

Upper mass limits of 1.6x10^3 and 3.5x10^4 solar masses suggest an intermediate-mass black hole.

Abstract

ULX-7, in the northern spiral arm of M51, demonstrates unusual behaviour for an ultraluminous X-ray source, with a hard X-ray spectrum but very high short-term variability. This suggests that it is not in a typical ultraluminous state. We analyse the source using archival data from XMM-Newton, Chandra and NuSTAR, and by examining optical and radio data from HST and VLA. Our X-ray spectral analysis shows that the source has a hard power-law spectral shape with a photon index Gamma~1.5, which persists despite the source's X-ray luminosity varying by over an order of magnitude. The power spectrum of the source features a break at 6.5^{+0.5}_{-1.1}x10^-3 Hz, from a low-frequency spectral index of alpha_1=-0.1^{+0.5}_{-0.2} to a high-frequency spectral index of alpha_2=0.65^{+0.05}_{-0.14}, making it analogous to the low-frequency break found in the power spectra of low/hard state black holes (BHs). We can take a lower frequency limit for a corresponding high-frequency break to calculate a BH mass upper limit of 1.6x10^3 solar masses. Using the X-ray/radio fundamental plane we calculate another upper limit to the BH mass of 3.5x10^4 solar masses for a BH in the low/hard state. The hard spectrum, high rms variability and mass limits are consistent with ULX-7 being an intermediate-mass BH; however we cannot exclude other interpretations of this source's interesting behaviour, most notably a neutron star with an extreme accretion rate.