Analysis of electrolyte transport through charged nanopores

TL;DR

This paper revisits the classical capillary pore model for electrolyte transport through charged nanopores, analyzing overlapping electric double layers and axial salt gradients, and demonstrates the model's applicability to electrokinetic energy conversion.

Contribution

It provides a new simplification for the salt flux relation, proves Onsager symmetry preservation under variable changes, and compares full and reduced models for nanopore transport.

Findings

Onsager symmetry is maintained in the flux-force relations.

A significant simplification for the salt flux relation is derived.

The reduced 'uniform potential' model closely matches the full model results.

Abstract

We revisit the classical problem of flow of electrolyte solutions through charged capillary nanopores or nanotubes as described by the capillary pore model (also called "space charge" theory). This theory assumes very long and thin pores and uses a one-dimensional flux-force formalism which relates fluxes (electrical current, salt flux, fluid velocity) and driving forces (difference in electric potential, salt concentration, pressure). We analyze the general case with overlapping electric double layers in the pore and a nonzero axial salt concentration gradient. The 3$\times$3 matrix relating these quantities exhibits Onsager symmetry and we report a significant new simplification for the diagonal element relating axial salt flux to the gradient in chemical potential. We prove that Onsager symmetry is preserved under changes of variables, which we illustrate by transformation to a different flux-force matrix given by Gross and Osterle (1968). The capillary pore model is well-suited to describe the nonlinear response of charged membranes or nanofluidic devices for electrokinetic energy conversion and water desalination, as long as the transverse ion profiles remain in local quasi-equilibrium. As an example, we evaluate electrical power production from a salt concentration difference by reverse electrodialysis, using an efficiency vs. power diagram. We show that since the capillary pore model allows for axial gradients in salt concentration, partial loops in current, salt flux or fluid flow can develop in the pore. Predictions for macroscopic transport properties using a reduced model where the potential and concentration are assumed to be invariant with radial coordinate ("uniform potential" or "fine capillary pore" model), are close to results of the full model.