Abelian monopole or non-Abelian monopole responsible for quark confinement

TL;DR

This paper compares two reformulations of SU(3) Yang-Mills theory, highlighting the role of non-Abelian monopoles in quark confinement and providing numerical evidence for non-Abelian dual superconductivity.

Contribution

It introduces a minimal reformulation involving non-Abelian magnetic monopoles and compares it with the maximal Abelian projection to understand quark confinement mechanisms.

Findings

Non-Abelian magnetic monopoles contribute to quark confinement.

Numerical evidence supports non-Abelian dual superconductivity.

Discrimination between reformulations enhances understanding of confinement.

Abstract

We have pointed out that the $SU(3)$ Yang-Mills theory has a new way of reformulation using new field variables (minimal option), in addition to the conventional option adopted by Cho, Faddeev and Niemi (maximal option). The reformulation enables us to change the original non-Abelian gauge field into the new field variables such that one of them called the restricted field gives the dominant contribution to quark confinement in the gauge-independent way. In the minimal option, especially, the restricted field is non-Abelian $U(2)$ and involves the non-Abelian magnetic monopole. In the preceding lattice conferences, we have accumulated the numerical evidences for the non-Abelian magnetic-monopole dominance in addition to the restricted non-Abelian field dominance for quark confinement supporting the non-Abelian dual superconductivity using the minimal option for the SU(3) Yang-Mills theory. This should be compared with the maximal option which is a gauge invarient version of the Abelian projection in the maximal Abelian gauge: the restricted field is Abelian $U(1) \times U(1)$ and involves only the Abelian magnetic monopole, just like the Abelian projection. In this talk, we focus on discriminating between two reformulations, i.e., maximal and minimal options of $SU(3)$ Yang-Mills theory for quark confinement from the viewpoint of dual superconductivity. For this purpose, we measure the distribution of the chromoelectric flux connecting a quark and an antiquark and the induced magnetic-monopole current around the flux tube.