Jet-powered supernovae of $\sim 10^5\,M_{\odot}$ population III stars are observable by $Euclid$, $WFIRST$, $WISH$, and $JWST$

TL;DR

This paper predicts that jet-powered supernovae from supermassive stars collapsing into direct collapse black holes can be observed as ultra-luminous supernovae by future infrared telescopes up to redshift 20, supporting the DCBH formation scenario.

Contribution

It introduces the idea that gamma-ray burst jets from supermassive star collapses produce observable ultra-luminous supernovae detectable by upcoming telescopes, providing evidence for DCBH formation.

Findings

Cocoon fireballs reach energies of 10^{55-56} erg.

Observable as ultra-luminous supernovae for ~5000 days at z~20.

Detection rate of ~100 events per year by future telescopes.

Abstract

Supermassive black holes observed at high redshift $z\gtrsim6$ could grow from direct collapse black holes (DCBHs) with mass $\sim10^5\,M_{\odot}$, which result from the collapse of supermassive stars (SMSs). If a relativistic jet is launched from a DCBH, it can break out of the collapsing SMS and produce a gamma-ray burst (GRB). Although most of the GRB jets are off-axis from our line of sight, we show that the energy injected from the jet into a cocoon is huge $\sim10^{55-56}\,{\rm{erg}}$, so that the cocoon fireball is observed as ultra-luminous supernovae of $\sim10^{45-46}\rm{\,erg\,s^{-1}}$ for $\sim5000 [(1+z)/16] \rm{\,days}$. They are detectable by the future telescopes with near infrared bands, such as, $Euclid$, $WFIRST$, $WISH$, and $JWST$ up to $z\sim20$ and $\sim 100$ events per year, providing a direct evidence of the DCBH scenario.