Eclipsing time variations in close binary systems: Planetary hypothesis vs. Applegate mechanism

TL;DR

This study evaluates whether magnetic activity (Applegate mechanism) or planetary companions cause observed eclipsing time variations in close binary systems, finding the mechanism explains some cases but not all, highlighting the need for careful interpretation.

Contribution

The paper improves the Applegate model by including angular momentum exchange and applies it to a sample of 16 systems, assessing its viability in explaining eclipse timing variations.

Findings

Applegate mechanism explains variations in 4 systems.

In 8 systems, energy requirements exceed stellar energy output.

Remaining 4 systems are borderline cases for the mechanism's applicability.

Abstract

The observed eclipsing time variations in post-common-envelope binaries (PCEBs) can be interpreted as potential evidence for massive Jupiter-like planets, or as a result of magnetic activity, leading to quasi-periodic changes in the quadrupole moment of the secondary star. The latter is commonly referred to as the Applegate mechanism. Following Brinkworth et al. (2006), we employ here an improved version of Applegate's model including the angular momentum exchange between a finite shell and the core of the star. The framework is employed to derive the general conditions under which the Applegate mechanism can work, and is subsequently applied to a sample of 16 close binary systems with potential planets, including 11 PCEBs. Further, we present a detailed derivation and study of analytical models which allow for an straightforward extension to other systems. Using our full numerical framework, we show that the Applegate mechanism can clearly explain the observed eclipsing time variations in 4 of the systems, while the required energy to produce the quadrupole moment variations is too high in at least 8 systems. In the remaining 4 systems, the required energy is comparable to the available energy produced by the star, which we consider as borderline cases. Therefore, the Applegate mechanism cannot uniquely explain the observed period time variations for this entire population. Even in systems where the required energy is too high, the Applegate mechanism may provide an additional scatter, which needs to be considered in the derivation and analysis of planetary models.