Vanishing point attracts gaze in free-viewing and visual search tasks

TL;DR

This study demonstrates that vanishing points significantly attract gaze and aid visual search, with models combining VP and saliency outperforming saliency-only models in predicting gaze behavior.

Contribution

The paper provides empirical evidence that vanishing points attract gaze and improve visual search efficiency, introducing a combined saliency and VP model for better gaze prediction.

Findings

Fixations are significantly higher at vanishing points during free viewing.

A combined saliency and VP model outperforms saliency-only models in predicting gaze.

Subjects locate targets faster and more accurately near vanishing points.

Abstract

To investigate whether the vanishing point (VP) plays a significant role in gaze guidance, we ran two experiments. In the first one, we recorded fixations of 10 observers (4 female; mean age 22; SD=0.84) freely viewing 532 images, out of which 319 had VP (shuffled presentation; each image for 4 secs). We found that the average number of fixations at a local region (80x80 pixels) centered at the VP is significantly higher than the average fixations at random locations (t-test; n=319; p=1.8e-35). To address the confounding factor of saliency, we learned a combined model of bottom-up saliency and VP. AUC score of our model (0.85; SD=0.01) is significantly higher than the original saliency model (e.g., 0.8 using AIM model by Bruce & Tsotsos (2009), t-test; p= 3.14e-16) and the VP-only model (0.64, t-test; p= 4.02e-22). In the second experiment, we asked 14 subjects (4 female, mean age 23.07, SD=1.26) to search for a target character (T or L) placed randomly on a 3x3 imaginary grid overlaid on top of an image. Subjects reported their answers by pressing one of two keys. Stimuli consisted of 270 color images (180 with a single VP, 90 without). The target happened with equal probability inside each cell (15 times L, 15 times T). We found that subjects were significantly faster (and more accurate) when target happened inside the cell containing the VP compared to cells without VP (median across 14 subjects 1.34 sec vs. 1.96; Wilcoxon rank-sum test; p = 0.0014). Response time at VP cells were also significantly lower than response time on images without VP (median 2.37; p= 4.77e-05). These findings support the hypothesis that vanishing point, similar to face and text (Cerf et al., 2009) as well as gaze direction (Borji et al., 2014) attracts attention in free-viewing and visual search.