A detailed view of the gas shell around R Sculptoris with ALMA

TL;DR

This study uses ALMA observations to analyze the gas shell around R Sculptoris, revealing a more massive and gradually declining post-pulse mass-loss rate than classical models suggest, impacting stellar evolution understanding.

Contribution

It provides detailed measurements of the gas shell's properties and challenges existing models by showing a slower decline in mass-loss rate after thermal pulses.

Findings

The gas shell has a radius of 19.5" and a temperature of 50K.

The shell mass is approximately 4.5e-3 solar masses.

Post-pulse mass-loss rate declines gradually, averaging 1.6e-5 solar masses per year.

Abstract

Thermal pulses are fundamental to the chemical evolution of AGB stars and their circumstellar envelopes. A further consequence of thermal pulses is the formation of detached shells of gas and dust around the star. We aim to determine the physical properties of the detached gas shell around R Sculptoris, in particular the shell mass and temperature, and to constrain the evolution of the mass-loss rate during and after a thermal pulse. We analyse CO(1-0), CO(2-1), and CO(3-2) emission, observed by. The spatial resolution of the ALMA data allows us to separate the detached shell emission from the extended emission inside the shell. We perform radiative transfer modelling of both components to determine the shell properties and the post-pulse mass-loss properties. The ALMA data show a gas shell with a radius of 19.5" expanding at 14.3km/s. The different scales probed by the ALMA Cycle 0 array show that the shell must be entirely filled with gas, contrary to the idea of a detached shell. The comparison to single-dish spectra and radiative transfer modelling confirms this. We derive a shell mass of 4.5e-3 Msun with a temperature of 50K. Typical timescales for thermal pulses imply a pulse mass-loss rate of 2.3e-5 Msun/yr. For the post-pulse mass-loss rate, we find evidence for a gradual decline of the mass-loss rate, with an average value of 1.6e-5 Msun/yr. The total amount of mass lost since the last thermal pulse is 0.03 Msun, a factor four higher compared to classical models, with a sharp decline in mass-loss rate immediately after the pulse. We find that the mass-loss rate after a thermal pulse has to decline more slowly than generally expected from models of thermal pulses. This may cause the star to lose significantly more mass during a thermal pulse cycle, which affects the chemical evolution of the star and the interstellar medium.