Three is much more than two in coarsening dynamics of cyclic competitions

TL;DR

This study investigates how increasing the number of parallel ecosystems in cyclic competition models affects long-term coexistence, revealing a transition from coarsening to active steady states and identifying critical phenomena.

Contribution

It introduces a quasi-one-dimensional model with multiple ecosystems, showing that three or more systems enable persistent coexistence through a phase transition.

Findings

Transition from coarsening to active steady state with three ecosystems

Critical invasion rate exhibits directed percolation universality class

Active steady state persists at finite invasion rates in sequential dynamics

Abstract

The classical game of rock-paper-scissors have inspired experiments and spatial model systems that address robustness of biological diversity. In particular the game nicely illustrates that cyclic interactions allow multiple strategies to coexist for long time intervals. When formulated in terms of a one-dimensional cellular automata, the spatial distribution of strategies exhibits coarsening with algebraically growing domain size over time, while the two-dimensional version allows domains to break and thereby opens for long-time coexistence. We here consider a quasi-one-dimensional implementation of the cyclic competition, and study the long-term dynamics as a function of rare invasions between parallel linear ecosystems. We find that increasing the complexity from two to three parallel subsystems allows a transition from complete coarsening to an active steady state where the domain size stays finite. We further find that this transition happens irrespective of whether the update is done in parallel for all sites simultaneously, or done randomly in sequential order. In both cases the active state is characterized by localized bursts of dislocations, followed by longer periods of coarsening. In the case of the parallel dynamics, we find that there is another phase transition between the active steady state and the coarsening state within the three-line system when the invasion rate between the subsystems is varied. We identify the critical parameter for this transition, and show that the density of active boundaries have critical exponents that are consistent with the directed percolation universality class. On the other hand, numerical simulations with the random sequential dynamics suggest that the system may exhibit an active steady state as long as the invasion rate is finite.