$F$-WORM colorings: Results for 2-connected graphs

TL;DR

This paper investigates $F$-WORM colorings in graphs, establishing existence, computational complexity, and specific coloring properties for fixed 2-connected graphs, including NP-completeness results and constructions with large color gaps.

Contribution

It provides new existence results, complexity proofs, and coloring gap constructions for $F$-WORM colorings in graphs with fixed 2-connected graphs.

Findings

Existence of graphs with arbitrary minimum $F$-WORM colors

NP-completeness of deciding $F$-WORM colorability

Large gaps in possible $K_n$-WORM coloring numbers

Abstract

Given two graphs $F$ and $G$, an $F$-WORM coloring of $G$ is an assignment of colors to its vertices in such a way that no $F$-subgraph of $G$ is monochromatic or rainbow. If $G$ has at least one such coloring, then it is called $F$-WORM colorable and $W^-(G,F)$ denotes the minimum possible number of colors. Here, we consider $F$-WORM colorings with a fixed 2-connected graph $F$ and prove the following three main results: (1) For every natural number $k$, there exists a graph $G$ which is $F$-WORM colorable and $W^-(G,F)=k$; (2) It is NP-complete to decide whether a graph is $F$-WORM colorable; (3) For each $k \ge |V(F)|-1$, it is NP-complete to decide whether a graph $G$ satisfies $W^-(G,F) \le k$. This remains valid on the class of $F$-WORM colorable graphs of bounded maximum degree. For complete graphs $F=K_n$ with $n \ge 3$ we also prove: (4) For each $n \ge 3$ there exists a graph $G$ and integers $r$ and $s$ such that $s \ge r+2$, $G$ has $K_n$-WORM colorings with exactly $r$ and also with $s$ colors, but it admits no $K_n$-WORM colorings with exactly $r+1, \dots, s-1$ colors. Moreover, the difference $s-r$ can be arbitrarily large.