Strong Gravitational Lensing and the Stellar IMF of Early-type Galaxies

TL;DR

This study uses strong gravitational lensing combined with photometric and spectroscopic data to constrain the stellar initial mass function (IMF) in early-type galaxies, finding that very bottom-heavy IMFs are unlikely and that dark matter plays a significant role.

Contribution

It provides new constraints on the IMF in early-type galaxies by combining lensing, photometry, and spectroscopy, and explores the impact of dark matter on IMF interpretations.

Findings

Very bottom-heavy IMFs are excluded.

Constraints favor IMFs similar to Kroupa or Salpeter with dark matter contribution.

A range of IMF slopes can be consistent with observations.

Abstract

Systematic variations of the IMF in early-type galaxies, and their connection with possible drivers such as velocity dispersion or metallicity, have been much debated in recent years. Strong lensing over galaxy scales combined with photometric and spectroscopic data provides a powerful method to constrain the stellar mass-to-light ratio and hence the functional form of the IMF. We combine photometric and spectroscopic constraints from the latest set of population synthesis models of Charlot & Bruzual, including a varying IMF, with a non-parametric analysis of the lens masses of 18 ETGs from the SLACS survey, with velocity dispersions in the range 200-300 km/s. We find that very bottom-heavy IMFs are excluded. However, the upper limit to the bimodal IMF slope ($\mu \lesssim 2.2$, accounting for a dark matter fraction of 20-30%, where $\mu=1.3$ corresponds to a Kroupa-like IMF) is compatible at the $1\sigma$ level with constraints imposed by gravity-sensitive line strengths. A two-segment power law parameterisation of the IMF (Salpeter-like for high masses) is more constrained ($\Gamma \lesssim 1.5$, where $\Gamma$ is the power index at low masses) but requires a dark matter contribution of $\gtrsim 25\%$ to reconcile the results with a Salpeter IMF. For a standard Milky Way-like IMF to be applicable, a significant dark matter contribution is required within $1R_e$. Our results reveal a large range of allowed IMF slopes, which, when interpreted as intrinsic scatter in the IMF properties of ETGs, could explain the recent results of Smith et al., who find Milky Way-like IMF normalisations in a few massive lensing ETGs.