Disorder-induced two-step melting of vortex matter in Co-intercalated NbSe$_2$ single crystals

TL;DR

This study reveals that in a type II superconductor with weak pinning, vortex matter undergoes a two-step disordering process driven by disorder, involving distinct topological transitions and metastable states, as observed through real space imaging.

Contribution

It demonstrates the existence of a two-step disorder-induced melting process in vortex matter, linked to random pinning and topological defect formation, using real space vortex lattice imaging.

Findings

Two distinct topological transitions in vortex lattice disordering.

Metastable states observed during superheating and supercooling.

Disorder-induced melting is fundamentally related to random pinning.

Abstract

Disorder induced melting, where the increase in positional entropy created by random pinning sites drives the order-disorder transition in a periodic solid, provides an alternate route to the more conventional thermal melting. Here, using real space imaging of the vortex lattice through scanning tunneling spectroscopy, we show that in the presence of weak pinning, the vortex lattice in a type II superconductor disorders through two distinct topological transitions. Across each transition, we separately identify metastable states formed through superheating of the low temperature state or supercooling of the high temperature state. Comparing crystals with different levels of pinning we conclude that the two-step melting is fundamentally associated with the presence of random pinning which generates topological defects in the ordered vortex lattice.