Anyons and matrix product operator algebras

TL;DR

This paper develops a systematic framework using matrix product operator algebras to analyze topological order and anyonic excitations in tensor network states, enabling the extraction of topological invariants and simulation of topological phases.

Contribution

It introduces a formalism connecting matrix product operators with fusion tensor categories, allowing construction and analysis of topological sectors and anyons in tensor network states.

Findings

Topological sectors correspond to central idempotents of a constructed C*-algebra.

The formalism enables extraction of topological invariants like spin, S matrix, fusion, and braiding.

The approach allows simulation of topological theories away from fixed points.

Abstract

Quantum tensor network states and more particularly projected entangled-pair states provide a natural framework for representing ground states of gapped, topologically ordered systems. The defining feature of these representations is that topological order is a consequence of the symmetry of the underlying tensors in terms of matrix product operators. In this paper, we present a systematic study of those matrix product operators, and show how this relates entanglement properties of projected entangled-pair states to the formalism of fusion tensor categories. From the matrix product operators we construct a C*-algebra and find that topological sectors can be identified with the central idempotents of this algebra. This allows us to construct projected entangled-pair states containing an arbitrary number of anyons. Properties such as topological spin, the S matrix, fusion and braiding relations can readily be extracted from the idempotents. As the matrix product operator symmetries are acting purely on the virtual level of the tensor network, the ensuing Wilson loops are not fattened when perturbing the system, and this opens up the possibility of simulating topological theories away from renormalization group fixed points. We illustrate the general formalism for the special cases of discrete gauge theories and string-net models.