A VUV detection system for the direct photonic identification of the first excited isomeric state of $^{229}$Th

TL;DR

This paper presents a novel VUV detection system designed for the direct optical detection of the low-energy isomeric transition in $^{229}$Th, enabling potential nuclear laser excitation and precise fluorescence measurement.

Contribution

The study introduces a specialized optical setup with optimized alignment and simulation, achieving high signal-to-background ratio for detecting $^{229}$Th's isomeric transition.

Findings

Achieved a focal spot size of approximately 100 μm on the MCP detector.

Estimated a signal-to-background ratio of about 7000:1 for the detection system.

Validated the optical design through ray-tracing simulations and test measurements.

Abstract

With an expected energy of 7.6(5) eV, $^{229}$Th possesses the lowest excited nuclear state in the landscape of all presently known nuclei. The energy corresponds to a wavelength of about 160 nm and would conceptually allow for an optical laser excitation of a nuclear transition. We report on a VUV optical detection system that was designed for the direct detection of the isomeric ground-state transition of $^{229}$Th. $^{229(m)}$Th ions originating from a $^{233}$U $\alpha$-recoil source are collected on a micro electrode that is placed in the focus of an annular parabolic mirror. The latter is used to parallelize the UV fluorescence that may emerge from the isomeric ground-state transition of $^{229}$Th. The parallelized light is then focused by a second annular parabolic mirror onto a CsI-coated position-sensitive MCP detector behind the mirror exit. To achieve a high signal-to-background ratio, a small spot size on the MCP detector needs to be achieved. Besides extensive ray-tracing simulations of the optical setup, we present a procedure for its alignment, as well as test measurements using a D$_2$ lamp, where a focal-spot size of $\approx$100 $\mu$m has been achieved. Assuming a purely photonic decay, a signal-to-background ratio of $\approx$7000:1 could be achieved.