Two Dimensional Core-Collapse Supernova Explosions Aided by General Relativity with Multidimensional Neutrino Transport

TL;DR

This study demonstrates that incorporating general relativity and multidimensional neutrino transport in supernova simulations significantly enhances explosion likelihood and realism, challenging the adequacy of Newtonian gravity approximations.

Contribution

The paper introduces a new multidimensional neutrino transport scheme combined with a GR gravity treatment in supernova simulations, showing improved explosion outcomes.

Findings

GR gravity leads to more compact neutron stars and higher neutrino luminosities.

Simulations with GR gravity produce earlier and more frequent supernova explosions.

Newtonian simulations underestimate the explosion potential compared to GR-based models.

Abstract

We present results from simulations of core-collapse supernovae in FLASH using a newly-implemented multidimensional neutrino transport scheme and a newly-implemented general relativistic (GR) treatment of gravity. We use a two-moment method with an analytic closure (so-called M1 transport) for the neutrino transport. This transport is multienergy, multispecies, velocity-dependent and truly multidimensional, i.e., we do not assume the commonly used "ray-by-ray" approximation. Our GR gravity is implemented in our Newtonian hydrodynamics simulations via an effective relativistic potential (GREP) that closely reproduces the GR structure of neutron stars and has been shown to match GR simulations of core collapse quite well. In axisymmetry, we simulate core-collapse supernovae with four different progenitor models in both Newtonian and GR gravity. We find that the more compact protoneutron star structure realized in simulations with GR gravity gives higher neutrino luminosities and higher neutrino energies. These differences in turn give higher neutrino heating rates (upwards of $\sim$20-30% over the corresponding Newtonian gravity simulations) that increase the efficacy of the neutrino mechanism. Three of the four models successfully explode in the simulations assuming GREP gravity. In our Newtonian gravity simulations, two of the four models explode, but at times much later than observed in our GR gravity simulations. Our results, both in Newtonian and GR gravity, compare well with several other studies in the literature. These results conclusively show that the approximation of Newtonian gravity for simulating the core-collapse supernova central engine is not acceptable. We also simulate four additional models in GR gravity to highlight the growing disparity between parameterized 1D models of core-collapse supernovae and the current generation of 2D models.